In the days before March 17, alleged 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, I merely stated I was cheating on the data: the absence of the expulsion of the pope from Rome and thus lack the capital and natural history of anything can be understood by "a united Italy," in 1861 did not materialize at all the units of the Italian State. It established instead a version of "modern" and extended the state of Piedmont-Savoy monarchy, with all the ensuing historical misfortunes and still ensue. The House of Savoy was annexed much of the peninsula, while the Italian patriots continued to claim and fight for the liberation of Rome and the Papacy, while confirming as the enemy of Italian unity tougher and more durable. Even after the liberation of Rome (20 September 1870) the papacy accept this reality and will continue to decline up to the agreement with Mussolini in 1929 (the notorious Lateran Pacts). Therefore, if you really feel the need to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, you must wait 20 September 2020, preparing for the worst in the field filovaticano, since already in this occasion the media and schools have succeeded in superintendencies to divert attention from the important contribution that the Papacy gave the failure to achieve the unification of Italy in 1861, in previous years and in future ones. Just imagine what will happen in 2020 if the political and media power of the church in the Italian state will still be as strong as it is today, if not stronger ...
addition to the many and sometimes interesting articles that have been published about specific events or forgotten historical pages of Italian motorcycle unit, but are also articles appeared Synthesis (newspaper editorials, comments of well-known intellectuals, etc..), which impressed me for their emptiness, deliberate misinformation and the inability to synthesize precisely what was at stake in the historical process which are summarized conventionally with the beautiful term "Renaissance" (which for many of us rhymes with Renaissance). I will not mention the long list of items synthesis 'bad' (and who knows how many have escaped me), preferring to refer to two excellent texts (perhaps with others who have escaped me) that instead allow itself such a wonderful synthesis. I refer to the article by Amadeo Bordiga ("To the pillory, not on the altars," which appeared on April 7, 1961 The Communist program ) deservedly re-released in recent days from many sites, el ' article by Michele Noble (' On ' anniversary of the so-called unification of Italy as a form of fetishism historical) , written for the Red Utopia Blog ( www.utopiarossa.blogspot.com ).
addition to the many and sometimes interesting articles that have been published about specific events or forgotten historical pages of Italian motorcycle unit, but are also articles appeared Synthesis (newspaper editorials, comments of well-known intellectuals, etc..), which impressed me for their emptiness, deliberate misinformation and the inability to synthesize precisely what was at stake in the historical process which are summarized conventionally with the beautiful term "Renaissance" (which for many of us rhymes with Renaissance). I will not mention the long list of items synthesis 'bad' (and who knows how many have escaped me), preferring to refer to two excellent texts (perhaps with others who have escaped me) that instead allow itself such a wonderful synthesis. I refer to the article by Amadeo Bordiga ("To the pillory, not on the altars," which appeared on April 7, 1961 The Communist program ) deservedly re-released in recent days from many sites, el ' article by Michele Noble (' On ' anniversary of the so-called unification of Italy as a form of fetishism historical) , written for the Red Utopia Blog ( www.utopiarossa.blogspot.com ).
At the same should read this blog that my contribution does not contain any original process, but who wants to be an informative complement to the two articles referred to above that of Michael. Let me explain.
In many articles from the "left" I have seen a tendency to discredit Garibaldi, generally considered to be jointly responsible for the annexation pirate Savoy realized that much of the Peninsula, in the shade Unification of Italy and the emerging capitalist bourgeoisie without that he could carry through their own (albeit late) revolution. Tutt'erba making a bundle on Garibaldi are discharged the responsibilities of the worst Mazzinianism (without even know what was also clear that current policy in its great variety of positions, ranging up to one of the greatest revolutionaries of history, that Charles Pisacane), or even of Cavour, given the deference with which he accepted Garibaldi at the moment and at some point the advent of the Savoy monarchy. And so, instead of drawing attention to the Garibaldi fighting in Latin America for the independence of Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay, which is fighting in France for the Paris Commune, or in Sicily against the Bourbon, or against the papacy twice (1862 and 1867) - also arms in hand and always risking first person rather than sit on our laurels achieved - is reminiscent of the blackest pages of Garibaldi, from the tragic events of Bronte (in Sicily, under the direct supervision of Nino Bixio) and all the subsequent support was given by the Expedition of the Thousand to new "masters" Sicilian-Calabrian-bells.
is an old and very popular way to simplify the problems of history that, before often at great epics in the struggle for the emancipation of the people (and always conducted under the direction of someone, good or bad it is, inside or outside the movement), is concerned to find the flaw, the bad thing (which inevitably exist), to deduce a more general negativity of the liberation process considered or in progress. In general this methodology applied to the past, you need to get rid of any responsibility for the individual than the historical course of events ("no one has actually embodied my ideals, and then I pull it out and indeed I'll explain how I would have liked them to be gone things ") or, applied to the present, serves to justify the requirement Isolation oxymoron increasingly embodied by the 'political individual "(" nobody embodies my ideals altogether, and then I will remain alone, a pure heart, to tell you how things should go if there were - according to taste - a revolutionary party, a magazine well made, a proper analysis, my direction, etc. .. In the meantime I am content in my blog, my comic, my group, my Leninism in their personal capacity, of my career, media, universities, etc. .. ")
I grew up differently and so do not hesitate to confess Garibaldi. Yes, I consider myself a partisan in heart (not always, because I have taken time to understand the true magnitude of the movement built by Garibaldi), survived a partisan, obviously, but certainly I would be in the Italy of the time. I would have been an admirer of Garibaldi and traveling companion for all the good things he did (in the best company in the minds and intellects of the time, not just Italian - just think of Bakunin), I would fight with him, hoping to not leaving the skin on the field, I would have differentiated over its mistakes, maybe even trying to convince other parts of the Garibaldi movement to help me. After a periodaccio of disagreements and disputes, I would, however, accompanied in its membership the First International and the campaign for the Paris Commune, age and health permitting, I would have continued his battle for the secular state and education, ideological independence from the Papacy, the abolition of the standing army, the decentralization of municipal the fight against political corruption, the advance of the working classes and so on.
This is the state of mind - a former partisan, not-yet-a-rest - with which I started to pull out from Memoirs of Garibaldi some of his words, containing the particulars ideals I seem to have embodied his greatness in the field of ethics (not to mention the many weaknesses and fragility in the political field, but this could not be taken into consideration: surely others of doing so). And to underline this size of the character ethic, I could not fail to indicate its refractoriness to management staff of power, his refusal to turn in his political career he enjoyed huge fame in Italy and around the world (perhaps the first global political mass media coverage of the story-and intercontinental level).
To Italy today, where decades of transformation and careerism have destroyed the very possibility that the root will organize an area of \u200b\u200bthought and revolutionary action (seen corruption ideal that has disintegrated the former extreme left until recently and still disintegrate), Garibaldi still has much to teach. But to understand it must retrace its entire existence, and what you can do just by reading some of the many serious biography written about him: the following quotations are insufficient.
Finally, an important consideration from a guevarista guevarologo which I consider to be always putting aside any political parallelism (historically not exist, even if already proposed in the past) between Garibaldi and Guevara, remains unquestionable the similarity between the two human characters : in the field of ethics, rejecting political career in a personal capacity, vision and operational veterans of the ideals, the personal risk of life, distrust of party political or military equipment to be. The reader or the reader will see in the following quotations that indicates the extent of similarities or others that could be seen. Call this reader and this reader to be vigilant from now on because it prevents the detractors of Garibaldi and the ideals of emancipation that he embodied, which together with its undeniable responsibility negative cast themselves into the sea also its internationalism, its cosmopolitanism, the secular sense of social life, his anti-clericalism, his ethics of self and staff, consentitemelo, its (their) great humanity.
Waiting to take up the subject in preparation for the September 20, 2020, sent to all and a warm greeting, repeating a cry celebate renaissance that still maintains its validity and indeed it is increasingly buying time :
Rome or death
Roberto Massari
(17-18 March 2011)
The quotations are from the no indication Memoirs of Garibaldi (written between 1860 and 1872). The page numbers refer to the edition of Rizzoli in 2006 (first edition 1982). The political articles are cited in the appendix to this edition.
on internationalism internationalism
"... interned in the heart of Austria and discard the ember the resurgence at ten diverse nationalities that make up the body and monstrous "(p. 306).
"The International will, however, the foundation of his program:
1. Its title, which must not point difference between African and American, between the European el'asiatico, and thus proclaims the brotherhood of men, whatever nation they may belong;
2. The International will not priests, nor, consequently, lie;
3. He does not want standing armies to perpetuate the war, but a citizen militia to maintain internal order;
4. He wants the government administration of the Commune '(letter of Sept. 20. 1871, p. 370).
"I belong to the International since he served the Republic in Montevideo and the Rio Grande, which is much earlier than in Europe have formed this company, I made a public act of belonging to the same in France ' last war (...). I have no interference in the International, and certainly not because they know I endorse all of their program, will be cause for them, to keep me excluded. But if the International, as I understand it, it will be a continuation of the moral and material improvement of the working class, hard-working and honest, according to the human tendencies of progress of all time, and most of today's conflict with the autocracy of the sybaritic, theocracy, el'ingorda galaxy which is enriched with the miseries of others, I will coll'Internazionale. The International is a fact, regardless of who denies it. This comes particularly from the abnormal state in which the company is located in the world "(letter of 14 November 1871, pp. 371-2).
"My cosmopolitanism, dear George, takes nothing away from my immense love for Italy and you can be sure" (ibid . , p. 373).
"" All men are brothers. " And the priests have done so many beasts of the nations that are brutally destroying each other "(speech at the Frascati June 14, 1875, p. 378).
ON COMMON
"[The International] wants the government's Administrative Council. And this is one of the greatest glories of Paris ... '(letter of Sept. 20. 1871, p. 370).
[Garibaldi was elected to the House Republican and honorary member of the French Commune, for which he went to fight in France.]
"Garibaldi instead takes a open-minded attitude of defense of the Commune, openly and vigorously disputing with Mazzini and even justifying the use of the much-hated oil as a means of defense against the armies of Versailles "(cited by Pier Carlo Masini, History of the Italian anarchists, Rizzoli, 1974, p. 47).
[Masini cites the letter to Giuseppe Garibaldi Petroni of October 21 1871, reported in the anthology of Garibaldi - Letters and proclamations - by Renato Zang, Milano 1954. Masini's book is also essential to reconstruct the path of friendship and cooperation that traveled Bakunin and Garibaldi (also highlighted by other famous historians of anarchism, George Woodcock and Max Nettlau). Garibaldi in any way facilitated the entry of subversive Bakunin in the world of Italian, the latter repeatedly expressed admiration for the former, for example. after which made the visit to the shelter-prison Caprera.]
ON Republicanism (The anti-monarchist)
"The Savoy monarchy had obtained the large prey, and obtaining as he wished, that is in a state that probably the devil took her away "(p. 303).
"I could, and mistress of herself, Italy must proclaim the Republic, but not to entrust his fate to cinquencento doctors, who after having deafened with chatter of the lead to ruin" (Will political, 1871, p. 390).
ON SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
"So compulsory and free education, but secular. The rehabilitation must be completed even by the intellectual material relief to the proletariat, that the work that creates wealth does not always portrays a sure gain against hunger. And that decision must be prompt.
To this consideration we have to fight the absurd tax system, especially the ruthless and immoral burden on daily bread [fee on the ground], the salt tax, and how many are indirectly costly to the poor, as the consumption duty. Would replace the tax with the only logical principle of the progressive.
The reduction of the tax depends on the costs rather than esageratissime. Also demand the financial straits discentramento [decentralization], which should have based the City, as it appears in the most glorious traditions of our modern example in Italy and America.
We must demand the full implementation of the innate freedom and recognized. The right of assembly and freedom of Print cease to be a lie. We have yet to warm (...); adherence to universal suffrage for the proletariat it so far excluded from legislative representation, can claim righteousness "(Appeal of 1 August 1872, p. 375).
SULL'ANTIMILITARISMO
"A Calatafimi we found the most serious casualties of the enemy, and were treated as brothers" (p. 259).
"Then we had to opponents of the Bourbons, who were trying to fight them. Today we stood before the army Italian, who wanted to avoid at all costs, but also at any cost we tried to annihilate us (...). This certainly had no qualms soldiers of the monarchy, or, better say, the leaders who commanded the soldiers "(pp. 300 and 302).
"[The International wants] the abolition of war, of standing armies, priests, privileges ..." (letter of 20 weeks. 1871 , p. 371).
"... the weak maximum can not talk about disarmament. Although it will not be that international disarmament and arbitration, which germinate in the minds of nations, will become an essential reality "(letter to the Capital Journal and January 1. 1876, p. 379).
people against the army standing army
"The government, driven by public opinion, but always the enemy of volunteers, including warning and fears, as representatives of human rights and freedom of Italy ... "(p. 305).
"[The International] does not want to perpetuate the war, standing armies, but a citizen militia to maintain internal order '(letter of Sept. 20. 1871, p. 370).
"Every city has its companies and instead of sending soldiers on Sunday in the workshop of the priest, send them to the field of Mars, for instruction in the maneuvers, weapons riding, gymnastics and education literary "(Journal of the Capital and January 1. 1876, p. 379).
"The day that standing armies will be transformed into national army [that is, people's militia], the invasions will become impossible. What advantage then to public safety, made by the soldiers of the common knowledge of the dialect, the town, good and bad individuals, and finally all concerned about security and the decorum of his own home "(letter to the Capital Journal and January 1. 1876, p. 380).
"Replacing the standing army armed with the nation, that is to have two million soldiers, instead of a few hundred thousand soldiers (...). The police and public safety would be much better performed, since the same would be made by the people of the country, practice sites, dialects and people. What do you make a Sicilian policeman in Piedmont, or a Bergamo in Calabria? He knows nothing: sites, speech, manners, and his service, however clever he is, nothing will be beneficial to (the proposed program May 18, 1880, p. 386).
SULL'ANTICLERICALISMO (and religion)
[quotes anticlerical flavor, especially against "pretismo" are so numerous and scattered throughout the work (to the last page) that you can not restore all here. Indicate some of the most significant.]
"[During the Roman Republic] dovevansi take certain public health measures against the item priest, who were not taken and that left, of respect for misunderstandings, omnipotent to conspire, plot, and finally contribute to the fall of the republic and the misfortunes of Italy "(pp. 171-2)
" ... address the tyranny priestly certainly much more harmful of Bourbon "(p. 299).
"Here in the contaminated former capital of the world [New York] will take place on the virginity of Mary, who gave birth to a beautiful boy is now 18 centuries (...); on the Eucharist, that is, how to swallow the ruler of the worlds, and then deposit it in a Closet any (...). Finally infallibility of that cubic foot of manure called Pius IX (...).
[in Naples] And you let yourself be still coll'umiliante chemical composition, which will impostors pass off as the blood of S. Gennaro, with whom they mock you for many years "(All'Anticoncilio of Naples', 1869, pp. 367 and 368).
"Both cleared the 1st art. Statute, asserting the supremacy of Catholicism, attests be bold hypocrisy, the much proclaimed freedom of conscience (...).
We demand the abolition of religious orders in Rome, without delay and without restrictions. And since the chain of injury that can not be broken by education, shall we claim it compulsory, free and secular. Without this condition, the school, dominated by clerical sect, perverts instead of educating. The state can not promote the doctrines of blind faith, which insinuates itself with the first prepares lessons and slavery of the soul and thought. So compulsory and free education, but secular "(" Call to Democracy, "August 1, 1872, pp. 374-5).
"The second was the period of Christianity and the cross planted in large capital radiated up almost the whole world the right of humanitarian doctrines, the great master of the brotherhood of man, Christ. And if the priests for the sake of lust and belly had not distorted Codest sublime doctrines, the human family would not matter dissidents.
I am the son of man, Christ said, and priests to deceive the people have a God and if they are made to live modestly ministers lavishly at the expense of credulous (...). And we'll get this amazing result, replacing all revealed religions or mendacious religion of truth, religion without priests based on reason and science "(speech at the Frascati 14 June 1875, pp. 377-8).
"As in the last moments of the human creature, the priest, taking advantage of the state in which it is exhausted and the dying of the confusion that often happens to you, passed, and putting in operates every foul trick, propagate coll'impostura where the teacher, that the deceased performed, repenting of his beliefs, the obligations of Catholic. I declare that as a result, finding reasons in full today, I will not accept at any time the Minister hateful, disprezzevole scoundrel of a priest and which I consider terrible enemy of mankind and in Italy. And that only in a state of madness or gross ignorance well, I believe a person can send to a descendant of Torquemada "(political testament of 1871, p. 390).
on the papacy and the Papal
"Spilling the papacy, I think it was worth so much, and something more, that the overthrow of the Bourbons. And in 1862, had "the locks of the usual red shirts was put down by the papacy, unquestionably, the most fierce and relentless enemy of Italy" (p. 298).
"[In 1867] I rightly imagined he had reached the time to collapse to the cabin to Italy and buy the famous papal its capital" (p. 318).
"... finally had to overthrow this monstrous power of the papacy, and as a crab laid in the heart of the unhappy our country. "(pp. 319-20).
AGAINST GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CORRUPTION OF
"A large part of those who enthusiastically rumored the unification of his country in '60, now well sat down and met or blame our firm, or held by, not plagued by contact with revolutionaries, restless and insatiable "(p. 299).
"The bad system which governs this country, where public money used to bribe one of the nation should be incorruptible, that the men of the parliament, the military and employees of every kind; all people, unfortunately, with that little effort is made to kneel at the feet of God Ventre "(pp. 304-5).
"The government, which unfortunately holds all of the peninsula, just know if there is a Sardinia, it is busy preparing a nasty reaction, and to use the treasures of Italy to buy lights, policemen, priests, and similar rogue ... "(p. 323).
"The master's voice [Pius IX, herein as the" Pope of lies "], the men who so unworthily govern Italy, covering his face with his usual mask of patriotism, deceiving the nation ... "(p. 331).
STAFF ON REFUSAL TO MAKE POLITICAL CAREER
ON HUMAN modesty and simplicity
"... the chief of triumvirate [Mazzini] wrote to me offering me the post of commander in chief. I was occupied the place of honor [fighting against the French troops], and found good to thank him and continue the bloody need that inauspicious day "(p. 173).
"He [King Vittorio Emanuele II, after the Volturno] recommend my brave brothers in arms, and this was the only sensible part of my neglect, desioso as I was to resume my loneliness "(p. 294).
[In 1862, after the victorious expedition of the Thousand and after being wounded in Aspromonte in an attempt to get you to leave Rome] "repugnant to me to narrate misery, discomfort, and I to bore those who have the patience to read, with injuries, hospitals, prisons and caress avvoltoj recorded "(p. 303).
"About four years had passed since the day I was shot in Aspromonte. I soon forget the insults, and so believed the opportunists, those for whom, more than the utility that the morality of the means, you need a compass "(p. 304).
[In his escape from Caprera, alone at night and early in 1867 at the age of 60 years] "Weakened by age and infirmity, the ' My agility was little between the rocks and bushes on the island of La Maddalena "(p. 322).
[After the failure of last attempt to free Rome - Monterotondo, Mentone - Garibaldi train station of Figline was arrested and imprisoned at Fort Varignano at La Spezia, 5 to 25 November 1867. ]
"Let me not be entered into the good graces of the Savoy monarchy when I arrived in Italy from America in 1848 is a natural thing. I dell'antipatie has generated among his servants, the Prime Minister to army generals, and from them to the last ushers, grafted to the existence of the royal government, was well as a normal consequence of men and things. Locks can not exactly explain the unfavorable reception he made to me by these men, who Ponno called, appropriately, the luminaries of the modern period of national revival, and that they were so deserving, such as Mazzini, Manin, Guerrazzi and some of 'their friends.
toccommi The same fate in France in 1870 and 1871. Yet in France, as in Italy, I found an enthusiastic sympathy among the people, certainly far more than I deserve (...). I welcomed imposed by events, but with coldness, with the intention, as he did sometimes desire I had succeeded in Italy, of wanting to serve my poor name, but nothing else, and essentially devoid of the necessary means, so I could do useful cooperation "(p. 341).
"I have no interference in the International, and some because they know I do not endorse all of their program, will be cause for them, except to keep me '(letter of 14 November 1871, p. 372).
[Elected to the House in 1874, Garibaldi resigned Nov. 26 1880 in protest to the anti-social policy of the government. It should be noted also that the long stays in Caprera began as a sort of 'arrests house "for a personality so popular and well known internationally in Italy, not to be able to lock directly to jail.]
" Since my absolute desire to have my body cremated, I I leave with the following: (...) 5 to attend the mayor when I die my body will be incinerated completely.
6th much wood for the fire "(last will, Caprera, July 2, 1881, p. 391).
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